Archive for January, 2008

solar heat collector efficiency

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Another name for the solar water heater is â € œdomestic hot systemsâ €. They are a very effective way to keep your house warm. A large Perk this particular process is that it can be used regardless of what type of climate where you live, and you get your energy from a source free, sun.

Over there are two types of solar heating systems are most commonly used for residential purposes. Each of these sensors includes a storage tank and a solar collector. The first type is œactiveâ € â € which has circulating pumps and controls and second type is â € œpassiveâ nâ € who € ™ t require pumps or controls.

Solar water heaters require a storage tank that is well insulated. They have an output and an input which is connected to the collector. A two-tank system has a water heater which is powered by the sun and warms the water before it enters the heater. In a tank system back-up heater is attached to the solar storage in a tank.

For residential purposes, there are three types of solar collectors; sensor plane, integral collector storage systems, and evacuated-tube solar collectors. The sensor plane is glazed flat plate collectors. It is isolated and contains boxes weatherproof with a dark absorber plate under one or more polymer (plastic) cover. There are also unglazed flat sensors that are often used for heating swimming pools and also have a dark absorber plate, but without coverage.


The second type is an integral collector storage systems. They are also known by their initials ICS or batch systems. They have at least one black tank or tubes isolated in a glass cage. Cold water starts rushing in solar collector where it is preheated. From there, water flows through the heater backup and creates a reliable source of hot water. An important point is that they must be installed only in mild climates because freezing pipes can freeze when outside in cold weather.

The latter type of collector is the evacuated tube solar collector. In this type of solar collector, there are rows of glass tubes with double parallel transparent. In each tube there is a glass outer tube and a tube of metal canister that is attached to the end. The wing is a coating that absorbs energy Solar and also prevent heat loss by radiation. This type of collector is the collector, the most commonly used in commercial applications the United States.

There are also two types of active systems of solar water heaters. The first type is the system of direct traffic. This system has pumps that circulate household water through the collectors and back into the house. This type of sensor is effective in a climate that doesn € ™ t freeze often.

The second type of commercial solar is the indirect circulation system. This system of pumps that circulate a Name freezing fluid that transfers heat. The flow of heat sensors, then through a heat exchanger. After the water is heated in this way it empties into the house and heated. They are very good for homes that are in areas that are vulnerable to frost.

About the Author:

C.L. Hendricks is a “jill-of-all-trades” and an expert in some. She writes on a variety of subjects for several websites, including InvitingSmiles and Survival Homestead, to name a few.

Article Source: ArticlesBase.comSolar Water Heaters – the Heat Wave of the Future

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Giant Teach-In to Focus the Nation on Global Warming


PORTLAND, Oregon, January 29, 2008 (ENS) – Global warming is being explored at more than 1,500 universities, colleges and high schools across the country this week in what organizers are calling the largest teach-in in American history. The problems posed by Earth’s warming climate and the best possible solutions are the subject of classes, seminars, panels, debates, teleconferences, workshops, roundtable discussions, expos, concerts and theatrical performances, banquets featuring local foods, pub crawls, film and video showings, poster contests, contests for the best artwork made from recycled materials with cash prizes for the winners.

Focus the Nation organizer Professor Eban Goodstein participates in discussion at Clemson University. (Photo courtesyFocus the Nation)

At Missouri State University, 20 tons of coal are being piled up to represent the amount of coal the school uses in one hour.

Events on every campus are different, yet there is a common theme – tackling global warming before disasters such as rising sea levels, melting glaciers, extreme weather shifts, extinction of species and the northward migration of tropical diseases go even farther than they already have.

The nationwide initiative, called Focus the Nation, is a project of the Green House Network, an environmental advocacy group. The idea originated with Eben Goodstein, a professor of economics at Lewis and Clark College in Portland, Oregon.

He kicked off Focus the Nation on Friday at Clemson University in South Carolina, the day before the state’s presidential primary race.

Democratic presidental hopeful Senator Barack Obama addresses a crowd at Clemson University in South Carolina. (Photos courtesy Focus the Nation)

“I am thrilled to have our national kickoff at Clemson University,” said Goodstein, “Clemson is already a leader with their Restoration Institute in exactly the kind of thinking and innovation that this country needs to move beyond fatalism and launch a clean energy revolution. The research talent at the university, combined with the political will of South Carolina voters, makes Clemson a perfect fit to launch Focus the Nation.”

Democratic presidential hopeful Barack Obama mentioned Focus the Nation as he campaigned at Clemson on Friday.

“There is an organization called Focus the Nation, which is going to have the largest campus teach in on global warming in United States history right here on the Clemson campus,” Obama said. “This is an important issue and I want everyone to be involved with it, everybody to be paying attention. I hope all of you choose to participate, because this is a terrific issue.”

Most Focus the Nation events are scheduled for Thursday, January 31, a date chosen because it falls during the presidential primary season. But so many events are planned, that they have spilled over to fill the calendar through mid-February.

At Goodstein’s home campus, Lewis and Clark College, more than 50 faculty members will participate in panel discussions on global warming.

Many campuses will feature an interactive webcast called “The 2% SOLUTION” that Focus the Nation will stream live Wednesday night.

The webcast will feature Stanford University climate scientist Stephen Schneider, actor Edward Norton, sustainability expert Hunter Lovins, and green jobs pioneer Van Jones with youth climate leaders in a discussion of global warming solutions. Audiences can weigh in with cell phone voting for the best solutions.

“Our goal is 10,000 screenings, and a change in the course of history,” said Goodstein.

The webcast is built around the idea that developed countries need to cut roughly 2% of current emission levels a year for the next 40 years to hold global warming to the low end of 3-4 degrees Fahrenheit that scientists say will help avert the worst effect of a warming climate.

This 2% goal will require cuts in global warming pollution in the developed countries by more than 80 percent below current levels by 2050. The webcast participants explore what it would take to move the United States onto that path.

Produced with the support of the National Wildlife federation, and hosted on Earth Day Network TV, the webcast will be broadcast live from the University of Central Florida in Orlando.

Focus the Nation is intended to motivate students across the country to understand the urgency of the situation.

“Climate change may not be a priority for students today, but if we wait until tomorrow to make it a priority, it might be too late,” said Kareem Salem, president of Associated Students of University of California-Davis.

“You’ve heard enough about the problem,” said Vince Pawlowski, a part-time University of Arizona student who worked to involve the university in the initiative.

Focus the Nation participants at Clemson University (Photo courtesy Focus the Nation)

“We’ve got global warming now. It’s here. It’s not just knocking on the door. It’s in the room,” Pawlowski said. “We’re not debating whether it’s a problem or not. We’re trying to move the discussion to the solution.”

Pawlowski acknowledged that not everyone believes global climate change is happening and affecting the world’s populations and natural resources.

“But it’s not the deniers who are the problem. They are few and far between and are easily outmatched by anyone who has read the literature,” he said. “It’s every one of us who knows there’s a problem and don’t do enough ? that’s going to be the biggest problem.”

Dozens of politicians of both parties at all levels of government are lending their support to Focus the Nation.

Senate Majority Leader Senator Harry Reid of Nevada will speak at the University of Nevada-Reno, Senator Bill Nelson is taking part in the 2% Solution webcast. Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts is speaking at North Shore Community College. Senator Max Baucus will be at the University of Montana – Missoula.

Senator Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island will be at Brown University. “Global warming is among the most significant challenges we face. Congress is finally taking action – but we need public support to act boldly,” said Whitehouse. “I hope this event will give Rhode Islanders an opportunity to speak out.”

Congressman Edward Markey of Massachusetts, who chairs the House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming will be speaking at Tufts University. Congressman Henry Waxman of California will be at Santa Monica College.

San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom will speak at San Francisco State University, Tallahassee Mayor John Marks will be at Florida A&M University, and Mayor Greg Nickels of Seattle, who started the University of Washington

Governor Arnold Schwarznegger wrote to the organization last week, “I was excited to learn that hundreds of California colleges, universities, K-12 schools and organizations are participating in Focus the Nation? I want to thank all of the participants, supporters and organizers of Focus the Nation for creating this wonderful opportunity. I also applaud all the young people for getting involved, and I encourage each of you to continue to share what you learn with your friends, families and communities.”

For more information, visit Focus the Nation at: http://www.focusthenation.org/

Copyright Environment News Service (ENS) 2008. All rights reserved.

Cuba Bans Harvesting of Endangered Sea Turtles


HAVANA, Cuba, January 28, 2008 (ENS) – Cuba has banned the harvesting of all marine turtle species and products from its beaches and seas for an indefinite period, according to a Ministry of Fisheries Ministerial Resolution. The move extends hope for survival of the critically endangered hawksbill turtle, which feeds in Cuban waters.Conservationists praised the resolution, passed January 19, which they say will benefit all the Caribbean’s endangered marine turtles – greens, loggerheads, and hawksbills. Greens and loggerheads are considered endangered, while hawksbills are critically endangered, according to the Red List of Threatened Species complied by the IUCN-World Conservation Union.

“For many years, Cuba retained a legal fishery of 500 hawksbills a year, with the hope of being able to trade their shells internationally,” said Dr. Susan Lieberman, director of WWF International’s Species Programme, which worked with the Cuban and Canadian governments to establish the new policy.

The hawksbill turtle is listed as critically endangered. (Photo courtesy UNEP-WCMC)

The phaseout of the marine turtle fishery in Cuba is the result of a joint effort by WWF and the Cuban Ministry of Fisheries, with financial support from the Canadian International Development Agency, CIDA.

“This far-sighted decision represents an outstanding outcome for Cuba, for the wider Caribbean, and for conservation. Cuba is to be commended for the example it has set in intelligent decisionmaking informed by science and the long term best interests of its people,” Lieberman said.

The two fishing communities in southern Cuba that used to harvest marine turtles will be helped to find sustainable economic alternatives with funds and technical assistance. They will modernize their fishing fleets, re-train their residents and engage them in hawksbill turtle protection activities by forming Brigades for the Protection of Marine Turtles, the Cuban government said.

The WWF/CIDA grant of over $US400,000 also will support the Ministry’s Centre for Fisheries Research to become a regional hub for marine turtle conservation and research, capitalizing on decades of experience by Cuban scientists.

It will also strengthen the Cuban Fisheries law enforcement group, the Office for Fisheries Inspection, to ensure compliance with the ban.

Along with other marine turtles, hawksbill turtles are threatened by the loss of nesting and feeding habitats, egg collection, entanglement in fishing gear, climate change, and pollution.

But the main threat to the hawksbills comes from continuing illegal trade in tortoiseshell although international trade in marine turtle products has been banned under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, CITES, since 1977.

Juvenile hawksbill turtle on a bed of seaweed (Photo courtesy U.S. National Park Service)

Small in size compared to other marine turtles, hawksbills are famous for their ornate shells, which are dark amber with radiating streaks of brown or black. Their shells have been made into jewelry, combs, eyeglass frames, and tabletops.

The hawksbill turtle is classified as critically endangered after population declines estimated at 80 percent over the last 100 years.

The hawksbill’s preference for feeding on sponges means it plays a significant but until recently unappreciated role in the continued health of coral reefs, by opening up new feeding opportunities for some varieties of reef fish, says WWF.

Cuban government agencies that will help enforce the ban are Departments of the Interior, Tourism, Education, Foreign Investment and the Economic Collaboration, and the Department of Science, Tecnology and the Environment.

Nongovernmental organizations involved include the Committees of Defense of Revolucion, the Federation of Cuban Women, the group Cuba Fishing, and the Federation of Sport Fishing.

Copyright Environment News Service (ENS) 2008. All rights reserved.

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